How to write an abstract

When you are writing a manuscript, you also need an abstract that informs future readers what the article is about before they (pay to) download it. Also, when you want to present your results at a conference, you need an abstract to show what your research is about so the selection committee can assign you to the correct session, and the conference attendees can decide whether or not to come and listen to your presentation or look at your poster. Remember that the decision to read your article or assign you a slot as speaker depends on the information in your abstract. So your abstract should be a self-contained text that represents your research well.  

The requirements for the abstract

First, look up what the requirements of the journal or conference are for the abstract. The abstract can be either unstructured or structured. In the last case, the required sections are usually introduction (or background), methods, results, and conclusion. The number of words is usually limited, often to less than 300. Some conferences allow you to add a table or figure to the abstract; this will usually ´cost you words´, so think about this carefully. Also, think about the audience; if you are, for instance, going to a conference in a (slightly) different field you need to clarify in the introduction how your work is relevant to that field. So, make sure the abstract appeals to the intended audience. Finally, check for rules about style, such as whether abbreviations are allowed.

Writing the abstract

In the case of an abstract for an article, do not use copy-paste from the main text but rather try to write a unique abstract from scratch. Do use the keywords you chose for the manuscript (if any). Below is an outline you can use to write the abstract. Introduction

• Start with one or two sentences with some background on the field that any scientist can understand.
• Then, one or two sentences of a more detailed background that scientists in a related field can understand.
• End with one sentence that states the specific problem you address in this research.

Methods

• Write one or two sentences about the methods used, including the number of subjects if appropriate (alternatively, these numbers can go into the results).

Results

• For an unstructured abstract, you may want to start this part with: ´Here we show…´ or ´The main results are …´ or something like that.
• Add one to three sentences that indicate the main results. Do include percentages and p-values to make the results specific.
• The results section is usually the longest section.

Conclusion

• Two or three sentences on how the results tie in with, contradict with, or add to previous knowledge.
• One or two sentences to put the results into a general context.
• Perhaps one or two sentences to indicate the broader perspective that any scientist can understand.

  Note: For unstructured abstracts, just leave out the words I indicated in italics and start the conclusions with: "In conclusion..." For a conference abstract, you must also write a title that reveals the topic and the main result or conclusion. The title needs to be appealing by itself as many conference books have, in addition to the abstracts, lists of titles so attendees can quickly scan the topics. Have a look at some abstracts of articles in your field and target journal or at abstracts from previous conferences to see whether you can spot the above sentences. Do not try to cram all your data in; you just need to get the reader interested; they will be able to read your manuscript or come to your talk or poster later.   Note: if your conference abstract is accepted for a presentation within hours or a few days after submission, you may want to check that you are not dealing with a predatory conference.